Headspace solvent microextraction of trihalomethane compounds into a single drop

Headspace solvent microextraction (HSME) into a single drop is developed for the determination of six trihalomethanes, CH2Cl2, CHCl3, C4H9Cl, CCl4, C2HCl3, and C2Cl4, in aqueous solution. A drop of benzyl alcohol containing bromoform, as an internal standard, is used for extraction. The analytes are extracted by suspending a 3-microL drop directly from the needle of a microsyringe. The needle passes through the septum of a vessel, and the needle tip appears above the surface of the solution. After the prescribed extraction time, the drop is drawn back into the syringe. The syringe is then removed, and its content is injected directly into a gas chromatography column for analysis. The main parameters affecting the HSME process, such as stirring speed, microdrop volume, sample solution temperature, microsyringe needle temperature, sample volume, solution pH, extracting solvent, and ionic strength of the solution, are studied. Also, the linear range and precision of the method are examined.     

Photochemical C–N bond forming reactions for the synthesis of five-membered fused N-heterocycles

Abstract

Few conversions cannot take place with ground-state reactions even with the help of a catalyst, therefore they are made to occur under photochemical conditions. The transfer of electrons took place even with the photochemical excitement of one molecule where redox reaction cannot occur at the ground state. The ground-state reactions resulted in the formation of side products. The substrates did not require any sort of chemical activation for C–N bond construction in the course of photochemical reactions. The source of energy; light has always been the interest of researchers in order to induce chemical reactions ever since the starting of scientific chemistry. The present review encloses the chemistry of photochemical transformations with a focus on their synthetic uses. The organic photochemical reactions prevent the polluting or harmful reagents thus, provides a possibility for sustainable procedures as well as green chemistry. This review article displays the formation of numerous of five-membered fused nitrogen-heterocyclic compounds.     

Solid Phase Extraction and Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Trace Amounts of Copper and Iron Using Mixture of Ligands

 A novel sensitive and simple method for rapid and selective extraction, preconcentration and determination of iron (as its bathophenanthroline complex) and copper (as its neocuproine complex) using octadecyl silica cartridges and dual wavelength spectrophotometry is presented. The dual wavelength method (533 nm for the iron-bathophenanthroline and 454 nm for the copper-neocuproine as the analytical wavelength) is used to eliminate spectral interferences. Extraction efficiency and the influence of flow rates of sample solution and eluent, pH, amount of neocuproine, bathophenanthroline and hydroxylamine hydrochloride, type and least amount of eluent for elution of iron and copper complexes from cartridge, break-through volume and limit of detection are evaluated. The effects of various cationic and anionic interferences on percent recovery of iron and copper are also studied. Extraction efficiencies >95% are obtained by elution of cartridges with minimal amount of organic solvent. Iron and copper were determined in the range of 3–100 ng mL⁻¹. The limits of detection are 0.98 and 1.13 ng mL⁻¹ for iron and copper, respectively. The proposed method is applied successfully to the determination of both analytes in river, tap and well water samples. Author for correspondence. E-mail: yyamini@modares.ac.ir Received September 18, 2002; accepted December 12, 2002 Published online May 5, 2003     

Solid-phase extraction–spectrophotometric determination of uranium(VI) in natural waters

A method for the extraction and determination of uranyl ion in natural waters using octadecyl bonded silica membrane disks modified with piroxicam and spectrophotometry with arsenazo(III) is proposed. The perconcentration step was studied with regard to experimental parameters such as amount of extractant, type and amount of eluent, pH, flow rates and tolerance limit of diverse ions on the recovery of uranyl ion. The limit of detection of the proposed method is 0.4 micro g L(-1) of uranyl. The method was applied to the recovery of uranyl from different water samples.     

Solid Phase Extraction and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination of Trace Amounts of Zinc and Cobalt Ions in Water Samples

A simple and rapid method for the preconcentration of Co²⁺ and Zn²⁺ as their 2-guanidino-benzimidazole chelates is proposed using an octadecyl silica cartridge. The retained analytes were recovered with a mixture of 5mL of 0.01M HNO₃ and 5mL of methanol. The metal ions in the effluent were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The effect of different parameters, such as sample matrix, amount of ligand, type of eluent for elution of ions from cartridge, flow rates of sample solution and eluent, breakthrough volume, and limit of detection, were evaluated. The effects of various cationic and anionic interferences on the percent recovery of Co²⁺ and Zn²⁺ were also studied. Quantitative extraction efficiencies were obtained by elution of the cartridge with a minimal amount of solvent. Hence, with a typical preconcentration factor of 50, the limits of detections of the proposed method are 0.26 and 1.62ngmL^–1 for Zn²⁺ and Co²⁺, respectively. The method was applied to the determination of zinc and cobalt ions in different water samples.     

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of Mentha pulegium L. essential oil

The dependence of Mentha pulegium L. (pennyroyal) essential oil composition, obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂), with the following parameters: pressure, temperature, extraction time (dynamic), and modifier (methanol) was studied. The results were also compared with those obtained by conventional hydrodistillation method in laboratory conditions. Regarding the percentages of menthone (30.3%) and pulegone (52.0%), the optimum SFE results were obtained at the following experimental conditions: pressure=100 atm, T=35 °C, dynamic time=10 min, and V_modifier=0 μl. The results of hydrodistillation showed that the major components of M. pulegium L. were pulegone (37.8%), menthone (20.3%), and piperitenone (6.8%). The evaluation of the composition of each extract was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.     

Ag-mediated synthesis of six-membered N-heterocycles

Abstract

One of the highly emerging and an important aspect of organic chemistry is the metal catalyzed synthesis of heterocycles. The methods used earlier for the synthesis of heterocycles were significant in the organic synthesis and developing cost-effective, improved and facial methods were beneficial to construct the complex architectures. For the both stereoselective and regioselective synthesis of six-membered nitrogen containing heterocycles, cyclic reactions that are Ag-mediated have known to be very efficient. The present review covers the applications of Ag in the formation of six-membered nitrogen containing heterocycles.     

Application of headspace solvent microextraction to the analysis of mononitrotoluenes in waste water samples

The possibility of applying headspace solvent microextraction (HSME) for determination of mononitrotoluenes (MNTs) in waste water samples is demonstrated. A drop of n-amyl alcohol containing naphthalene as an internal standard was suspended from the tip of a microsyringe needle over the headspace of stirred sample solutions for a predescribed extraction period. The drop was then injected directly into a gas chromatograph. Optimization of experimental parameters such as the nature of extracting solvent, microdrop and sample volumes, sampling temperature, stirring rate, ionic strength of the solution, pH and extraction time on HSME efficiency were investigated. Then enrichment factor, dynamic linear range (DLR), limit of detection (LOD) and precision of the method were evaluated by water samples spiked with MNTs. Finally, the method was successfully applied to the extraction and determination of the mononitrotoluenes in waste waters of both P.C.I. Company and Research Center of Azad University.     

Headspace solvent microextraction A new method applied to the preconcentration of 2-butoxyethanol from aqueous solutions into a single microdrop

A new procedure and experimental setup for the headspace solvent microextraction of volatile organic materials from aqueous sample solutions is described. The extraction occurs by suspending a 3-μl drop of the solvent from the tip of a microsyringe to the headspace of a stirred aqueous sample solution for a preset extraction time. The temperature of the microdrop and the bulk of sample solution should be kept constant at optimized values. The sample analyses were carried out by gas chromatography. The procedure was successfully applied to the extraction and determination of 2-butoxyethanol from content of some color samples used for painting the outer coverage of some machines such as coolers, refrigerator, cloths machine, etc. Parameters such as extraction time, nature of extraction solvent, size of microdrop, sample volume, stirring rate, ionic strength and pH of sample solution were studied and optimized, and the method performance was evaluated.     

Sensing of Trace Amounts of Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate by Solid Phase Spectrophotometry

A very simple, selective and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of dodecyl benzene sulfonate (DBS) has been investigated. In this method, the ion pair of DBS and methylene blue was adsorbed onto plasticized poly(vinylchloride) membrane as a solid phase extraction medium. The absorbance of the blue membrane was measured at 660nm against a blank membrane using a spectrophotometer. The influence of type and amount of plasticizer, pH, concentration of methylene blue, temperature of sample solution and time of extraction on the absorbance of membrane was studied. Linear calibration was obtained over a concentration range of 0.1 to 6.5µgmL^–1 of DBS. The method was applied to the determination of DBS in different commercial detergents. The precision and accuracy of the method is comparable with the conventional standard method. This method is cost-effective, and the use of organic solvent such as chloroform is completely eliminated.